This article covers several syntactic features of Lua that are commonly used in addon code.
Logical short-cut evaluation[]
When evaluating the results of boolean operators and and or, Lua only evaluates the right-hand operand if necessary. This makes it possible to provide default values to nil or false expressions, or implement something resembling the C/C++ ternary expression (A?B:C):
For instance:
MySVTable = MySVTable or {}
print(UnitExists("target") and "You have a target" or "You don't have a target")
A notable limitation of using short-cut evaluation as a ternary expression is that the middle expression must not be false/nil. (After all, there is no actual ternary expression; you are simply chaining boolean expressions and must still follow their rules of precedence.)
function isFrameShown(frame, checkParentFrames) -- The expression below returns the wrong value if frame's parent is hidden. return checkParentFrames and frame:IsVisible() or frame:IsShown() end
If you find yourself writing code of the style A and B or C, you may need to rewrite it to ensure that B can never be false or nil.
Colon syntax for defining methods[]
The colon syntax is used for defining methods -- functions that have an implicit first parameter self. The following function definitions are equivalent:
t = {}
function t:foo(bar) end
function t.foo(self, bar) end
When you call a function using the colon syntax, you implicitly supply the table left of the colon as the first argument to the function. The following two function calls are equivalent:
t:foo("baz")
t.foo(t, "baz")
This notation is frequently used to emulate something resembling objects.
The global environment table[]
The global environment table _G is defined in most function environments. You can look up global variables by using their names as a key in this table. For example:
-- Suppose MyBar1, MyBar2, MyBar3 are global variables (Frames created in XML, for example) for i=1, 3 do _G["MyBar" .. i]:Show() end
The getglobal("name") function used to do the same thing, but has now been deprecated and removed.